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Alloy steel plates are made by adding alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum to carbon steel. Their core advantage is the ability to customize properties like strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature resistance, making them widely used in industrial scenarios with special material performance requirements.
1. Core Definition & Applications
- Definition: Steel plates modified by adding one or more alloying elements to alter their metallographic structure and mechanical properties, tailored to specific working conditions.
- Applications:
- Energy Sector: High-temperature and high-pressure components in power station boilers, nuclear power equipment, and oil/gas pipelines.
- Construction Machinery: Wear-resistant structural parts for excavators and cranes, requiring high strength and impact resistance.
- Chemical Industry: Reactors and heat exchangers in corrosive environments, demanding excellent corrosion resistance.
- Military & Aerospace: Aircraft landing gear and armor components, prioritizing ultra-high strength and lightweight design.
- Typical Working Conditions: Temperature range from -50℃ to 650℃, capable of withstanding high pressure, severe corrosion, or high wear environments.
2. Core Properties
- High Strength & Toughness: Through alloying and heat treatment, yield strength can reach 350~1200MPa, with excellent low-temperature toughness.
- Corrosion Resistance: For example, stainless steel plates (containing Cr, Ni) resist acid-alkali corrosion, while weathering steel plates (containing Cu, P) resist atmospheric corrosion.
- High/Low Temperature Resistance: Heat-resistant alloy plates (containing Cr, Mo, V) can operate long-term above 600℃; low-temperature alloy plates (containing Ni) maintain toughness at -196℃.
- Good Processability: Most alloy plates can be cold-formed, welded, and heat-treated to adapt to complex forming needs.
3. Common Grades & Classification
1. By Alloy Content
- Low Alloy Plates: Total alloy content <5%, e.g., Q355 (16Mn), Q460, 15CrMoR — cost-effective, used for general structures and medium-pressure vessels.
- Medium Alloy Plates: Total alloy content 5%~10%, e.g., 12Cr1MoVR — used for high-temperature and high-pressure boiler components.
- High Alloy Plates: Total alloy content >10%, e.g., 304/316 stainless steel plates, Hastelloy plates — used in severe corrosion or extreme temperature scenarios.
2. Typical Grade Explanations
- Q355 (16Mn): Low-alloy high-strength plate with a yield strength of 355MPa, replacing Q235 for heavy-duty structures.
- 15CrMoR: Heat-resistant alloy plate containing Cr and Mo, resistant to high-temperature oxidation, used for boiler drums and high-temperature pipelines.
- 316L Stainless Steel Plate: Austenitic stainless steel containing Mo, resistant to pitting and chloride ion corrosion, used in chemical vessels.
- NM400/NM500: Wear-resistant alloy plates containing Cr, Ni, and Mo, with a hardness of 400~500HBW, used for wear-resistant parts in construction machinery.
4. Delivery Status & Heat Treatment
- Delivery Status: Hot-rolled, controlled-rolled, normalized, tempered, quenched and tempered (Q&T), and solution-treated (for stainless steel).
- Examples:
- Low-alloy plate Q355: Hot-rolled/normalized to ensure strength and toughness.
- Heat-resistant plate 15CrMoR: Normalized + tempered to improve high-temperature stability.
- Stainless steel plate 316L: Solution-treated to obtain a uniform austenitic structure and enhance corrosion resistance.
5. Key Points for Selection & Application
1. Match Working Conditions: Select alloy plates based on temperature, pressure, and corrosive media (e.g., 9Ni steel plates for low temperatures, 316L stainless steel plates for corrosion).
2. Standard Compliance: Follow standards such as GB/T 3274 (low-alloy plates), GB/T 713 (alloy plates for pressure vessels), and ASTM A240 (stainless steel plates).
3. Welding Process: High-alloy plates require matching welding materials, with controlled preheating and interpass temperatures to avoid hot cracking.
4. Quality Inspection: Critical components require non-destructive testing (UT/RT), mechanical property testing, and intergranular corrosion testing (for stainless steel).
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