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Detailed Description of High-Pressure Boiler Tubes
High-pressure boiler tubes are special seamless steel tubes for high-pressure and above-parameter boilers, mainly used in high-temperature and high-pressure working conditions (working pressure ≥ 9.8MPa, temperature 450–650℃). They are key pressure-bearing components in power stations, petrochemicals, nuclear power and other fields, and must have three core performances: high creep rupture strength, oxidation and corrosion resistance, and organizational stability.
I. Executive Standards
Domestic Standards
GB/T 5310-2023 (the latest current version, replacing the 2017 version): Core standard for seamless steel tubes for high-pressure boilers.
International Standards
United States: ASME SA-106/SA-213M/SA-335M
Germany: DIN 17175
II. Core Materials and Chemical Composition
1. High-Quality Carbon Steel
20G/20MnG: C 0.17–0.23%, Si 0.17–0.37%, Mn 0.35–0.65%; suitable for medium and high-pressure working conditions ≤ 480℃, with high cost performance.
2. Low-Alloy Heat-Resistant Steel
15CrMoG: 1Cr-0.5Mo; suitable for ≤ 550℃, with creep resistance and high-temperature corrosion resistance.
12Cr1MoVG: 1Cr-0.3Mo-V; suitable for 540–570℃/17–20MPa, the main material for ultra-high pressure/subcritical units.
3. High-Alloy Martensitic Steel (Supercritical/Ultra-Supercritical)
P91 (10Cr9Mo1VNbN): 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb; suitable for 580–600℃/24–28MPa, standard configuration for supercritical main steam pipes.
P92: 9Cr-1.8W-V-Nb; its creep rupture strength is about 10% higher than that of P91, suitable for ultra-supercritical working conditions ≥ 600℃/28–35MPa.
III. Specification Parameters (GB/T 5310)
Outer Diameter: Φ10–1220mm (commonly used Φ38/42/51/60/76/89/108/159/219).
Wall Thickness: 1–120mm (commonly used 3–50mm).
Length: 4000–13000mm (fixed length/multiple length, conventional 6m/8m/12m).
Dimensional Tolerance: Outer diameter ±0.5–1%, wall thickness ±5–12.5%, length +20/-0mm.
IV. Production Process
Tube Blank: Continuous casting round billet (high-quality carbon/alloy steel), qualified by flaw detection.
Hot Rolling and Piercing: Heating at 1100–1250℃, cross-rolling and piercing into rough tubes.
Cold Rolling/Cold Drawing: High-precision sizing to control wall thickness uniformity and surface quality.
Heat Treatment (Core)
20G: Normalizing (880–920℃).
15CrMoG/12Cr1MoVG: Normalizing + Tempering (normalizing at 920–960℃, tempering at 720–760℃).
P91/P92: Normalizing + High-Temperature Tempering (normalizing at 1040–1080℃, tempering at 750–780℃) to ensure stable martensitic structure.
Finishing + Flaw Detection: Straightening, shot blasting, chamfering; 100% hydrostatic test (1.5–2 times the design pressure), ultrasonic testing (UT) + eddy current testing (ET), and X-ray testing for high-pressure sections.
V. Mechanical Properties (Typical Values, Room Temperature)
Material |
Tensile Strength (MPa) |
Yield Strength (MPa) |
Elongation (%) |
Hardness (HB) |
20G |
410–550 |
≥245 |
≥24 |
120–160 |
15CrMoG |
440–640 |
≥295 |
≥21 |
150–190 |
12Cr1MoVG |
470–640 |
≥255 |
≥21 |
150–190 |
P91 |
585–760 |
≥415 |
≥20 |
≤250 |
- High-Temperature Creep Rupture Strength (550℃/10⁵h): 20G ≈ 78MPa; 12Cr1MoVG ≈ 120MPa; P91 ≈ 180MPa.
VI. Main Applications
Power Station Boilers: Superheater tubes, reheater tubes, water wall tubes, main steam tubes, air guide tubes (thermal power/supercritical/ultra-supercritical units).
Petrochemical Industry: Hydrogenation reactors, cracking furnaces, high-temperature and high-pressure steam transmission tubes (sulfur/hydrogen corrosion resistance).
Nuclear Power: Main steam/main feedwater tubes of conventional islands, high-temperature heat exchange tubes.
Industrial Boilers: Heating surfaces and pressure-bearing pipelines of high-pressure steam boilers, waste heat boilers, and heat-conducting oil furnaces.
VII. Quality Requirements and Inspection
Chemical Composition: Strictly control C, Si, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Nb, Ni, etc., and harmful elements (As, Sn, Pb) ≤ 0.025%.
Metallographic Structure: No overheating/overburning, decarburization layer ≤ 0.5% of wall thickness; grain size ≥ Grade 7 (Grade 8–9 for P91/P92).
Non-Destructive Testing: 100% UT (longitudinal/transverse defects), ET (surface cracks); no leakage or plastic deformation in hydrostatic test.
Surface Quality: No cracks, folds, scars, or laminations; local defects can be ground, and the wall thickness after grinding ≥ 90% of the nominal wall thickness.
VIII. Packaging and Delivery
Packaging: Bundled (each bundle ≤ 5t), with both ends sealed for rust prevention; small-caliber tubes are packed in woven bags, and large-caliber tubes are bundled with iron sheets.
Delivery Status: Heat-treated state (normalizing/normalizing + tempering), surface with black skin/shot blasting/pickling passivation.
Quality Assurance Documents: Material certificate (heat number, chemical composition, mechanical properties, flaw detection report), qualification certificate, and delivery date.
Delivery Cycle: 5-7 days.
IX. Selection Guide
≤480℃/≤10MPa: Choose 20G, economical and practical.
480–550℃/10–17MPa: Choose 15CrMoG, prioritizing creep resistance.
550–570℃/17–24MPa: Choose 12Cr1MoVG, the main force for ultra-high pressure.
570–600℃/24–28MPa: Choose P91, standard configuration for supercritical.
≥600℃/≥28MPa: Choose P92, the first choice for ultra-supercritical.
X. Advantages
Strong Stability Under High Temperature and Pressure: No obvious creep during long-term service, and the structure does not deteriorate.
High Safety Margin: Hydrostatic test + multi-method flaw detection, 100% inspection to eliminate leakage risks.
Wide Adaptability to Working Conditions: From subcritical to ultra-supercritical, materials cover the entire temperature and pressure range.
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