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High-purity quartz sand is a national strategic product. The SiO2 content is generally higher than 99.99%. It is widely used in high-tech industries such as integrated circuits, medicine, military, aerospace, optical communication, laser, and the electronics industry, especially high-end optical and electronic engineering.
The research on the production technology of high-purity quartz sand began internationally around the 1970s. Currently, Covia (Unimin) Corporation in the United States is relatively advanced in this production technology and controls most of the world's high-end quartz raw material market. Its main features are high specialization and automation of equipment, high product testing level, and stable product quality. The IOTA series of high-purity quartz sand produced by the company is used in various high-tech fields, and the content of elemental impurities in quartz is recognized as the international standard.
The Quartz Crop in Norway uses quartz from the Norsk region and adopts a relatively advanced purification process preparation technology to produce high-purity quartz sand. However, the raw materials for some high-quality quartz sand also come from the Spruce region in North Carolina.
Worldwide, except for Unimin in the United States and The Quartz Crop in Norway, the quality of high-purity quartz sand produced by some other global suppliers still has a large gap compared with international standards.
Since the high-grade quartz materials appeared in China last century, natural crystals produced in places such as Lianyungang in Jiangsu and Mianning in Sichuan have been used. Through processes such as acid washing, high-temperature calcination, water quenching, grinding, sieving, soaking in "aqua regia", washing with deionized water, and drying, crystal sands of 50 - 80 mesh (Φ0.27 - 0.18mm, for crucibles), 70 - 120 mesh (Φ0.212 - 0.12mm, commonly known as for gas-fired lampwork products), and 90 - 220 mesh (Φ0.16 - 0.07mm, for quartz ingots) are refined. Then, they are prepared by melting at a high temperature of over 2500°C generated by a hydrogen-oxygen flame above 98% or an electric arc.
In the late 20th century, due to the depletion of crystal resources, people began to use silica ores imported from countries such as Madagascar, Angola, Norway, and Brazil to replace crystals to produce high-purity quartz sand for high-grade quartz materials. In China, the research on using silica ores to replace crystals in the production of quartz materials started relatively late. There were relevant research reports around the 1980s. Currently, the technology in China for using silica ores to replace crystals in the production of quartz materials is far behind that in the United States. At present, the quartz materials that can be stably produced in China can only reach the second, third, and fourth levels. High-quality quartz materials still need to be imported from the United States. Due to the gradual depletion of first and second-grade crystal resources, the process of preparing high-purity and ultra-high-purity quartz sand from quartz sand has increasingly received attention.
Currently, the overall supply of the quartz sand industry in China is sufficient. The supply of ordinary and refined quartz sand in the mid - low end is relatively excessive. High-purity and ultra-high-purity quartz sand still have a strong dependence on imports, especially ultra-high-purity quartz sand products. Compared with the United States, the technology in China for using silica ores to replace crystals in the production of quartz materials lags far behind. Usually, the quartz materials prepared in China contain a large amount of hydroxyl groups, and the purity cannot be compared with that in the United States.
The main problem with domestic quartz sand in China lies in the structural and compositional impurities. After the start of the Sino-US trade dispute, with the rapid development of high technology, the quartz materials currently produced in China can no longer meet the needs of national development due to their low purity and high hydroxyl content. Therefore, the importance of removing structural and compositional impurities from quartz sand has risen to the national level, and the requirement for localization has become increasingly important.
Currently, the high-purity quartz sand used in the production of high-grade quartz materials in China mainly comes from three sources:
Direct import: Directly import high-purity quartz sand from companies such as Unimin. It is characterized by high SiO2 content, low metal impurities, few gas-liquid inclusions, and stable quality. However, it is expensive and supplied in limited quantities. Especially since the Sino-US trade friction, it has seriously restricted the development of China's high-grade quartz materials and its downstream industries.
Imported refining: Import silicon ore from countries such as Angola and Norway and prepare it to have a metal impurity content of around 30ppm. However, the gas-liquid inclusion content is relatively high and the quality is unstable, resulting in a low price and poor sales, making it difficult for domestic high-purity quartz sand finishing enterprises to survive.
Domestic refining: China is a country rich in silicon resources, and many high-grade silicon ores have been mined. However, due to reasons such as the subjective ideas of downstream industries and less investment in research and development, this work has faced many difficulties. In addition, the gas-liquid inclusion content in domestic silicon ores is indeed high and difficult to remove, and the sales price is extremely low, which discourages people.
Therefore, the processing technology of preparing high-purity quartz sand from domestic silicon ores has important strategic significance in the national economy and high-tech fields.
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