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1. Grades in ASTM A790 Standard
2. Explanation of Grades and Standard
ASTM A790 Standard Overview
Grade-Specific AnalysisS31803 (2205 Duplex)
Composition & Properties: This grade balances chromium (Cr) for passive film formation, nickel (Ni) for austenite stability, and molybdenum (Mo) with nitrogen (N) to enhance pitting resistance. Its moderate alloy content provides a cost-effective solution for moderate corrosion environments.
Applications: Widely used in onshore oil/gas pipelines, chemical plants handling mild acids, and water treatment facilities where a balance of strength and corrosion resistance is needed.
S32205 (Upgraded 2205 Duplex)
Composition & Properties: Slightly higher Cr and N content than S31803 improve resistance to localized corrosion (pitting/crevice) in chloride-rich media. Tighter composition control ensures superior phase balance and mechanical consistency.
Applications: Offshore risers, flowlines, and high-pressure chemical reactors where exposure to seawater or aggressive process fluids demands enhanced durability.
S32750 (2507 Super Duplex)
Composition & Properties: High Cr, Ni, Mo, and N levels create a robust microstructure with exceptional strength and corrosion resistance. The elevated alloy content makes it highly resistant to SCC and pitting in extreme chloride environments.
Applications: Deep-sea oil/gas extraction, chemical plants processing concentrated sulfuric/hydrochloric acids, and high-temperature/high-pressure systems where failure risks are critical.
S32760 (Zeron 100 Super Duplex)
Composition & Properties: Incorporates copper (Cu) and tungsten (W) to further boost resistance to sulfide stress cracking and erosion-corrosion. These additions enhance performance in complex environments with high salinity and abrasive media.
Applications: Seawater intake systems in desalination plants, offshore platforms with high-mud content, and marine structures exposed to harsh tidal zones.
Key Advantages of Duplex Grades
High Strength: Yield strength 2-3 times higher than conventional austenitic stainless steels (e.g., 304/316), reducing wall thickness and weight for cost-efficient designs.
Corrosion Resistance: Superior to single-phase steels in resisting pitting, crevice corrosion, and SCC, especially in chloride, sulfur, and acidic environments.
Thermal Stability: Operates effectively from cryogenic temperatures (≥-50°C) up to 300-350°C, with controlled heat treatment to prevent intermetallic phase precipitation.
3. Application Considerations
Environment Severity: Select grades based on chloride concentration, temperature, and mechanical loads. For example, S31803 for mild conditions, S32750 for extreme severity.
Manufacturing Processes: Welding requires careful control to maintain phase balance; post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) may be necessary for critical applications to avoid sensitization.
Standards Compliance: Ensure compliance with ASTM A790 testing protocols, including chemical analysis, impact testing, and non-destructive evaluation, to meet industry requirements (e.g., API, ASME).
WORKSHOP
Description Name: ASTM A213 seamless stainless tubes, ASTM A213 stainless pipes, A312 seamless stainless tubes, TP304/TP304L/TP304H stainless tubes, TP309S/TP309H stainless tubes, TP310S/TP310H stainless tubes, TP316/TP316L stainless tubes. TP321/TP321H stainless tubes, TP347/TP347H stainless tubes, seamless stainless tubes, stainless tubes
Size:1/8” to 24” (10.3mm to 610mm)
Schedules:
10s, 20, 40s, 40, 60, 80s, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, XXH
Wall Thickness: 1mm to 60mm| Grade | Specification |
| Stainless 304/304L, 304/304H | ASTM A213/SA213 |
| Stainless 309S | ASTM A213/SA213 |
| Stainless 310S | ASTM A213/SA213 |
| Stainless 316/316L, 316/316H | ASTM A213/SA213 |
| Stainless 317/317L | ASTM A213/SA213 |
| Stainless 321/321H | ASTM A213/SA213 |
| Stainless 347/347H | ASTM A213/SA213 |
Shape: Round
Length: Single random length/ Double random length or as customer’s actual request
Max length 25000mm
Referenced Documents:
ASTM Referenced Standards
A 262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu- lar Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
A 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re- lated Alloys, and Ferroalloys
A 1016/A 1016M Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stain- less Steel Tubes
E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
Chemical Composition:
| Grade | UNS Design |
Composition, % | ||||||||||||||
| C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cr | Ni | Mb | Ti | Nb | N | Cu | Ce | B | Al | ||
| TP304 | S30400 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18.0–20 | 8.0–11 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP304L | S30403 | 0.035 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18.0–20 | 8.0–13 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP304H | S30409 | 0.04 – 0.1 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18.0–20 | 8.0–11 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP310S | S31008 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 24.0- 26 | 19.0- 22 | 0.8 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP310H | S31009 | 0.04 – 0.1 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 24.0–26 | 19.0–22 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | |||
| TP310H | S31035 | 0.04 – 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 21.5–23.5 | 23.5–26.5 | . . . | . . . | 0.40- 0.6 | 0.20- 0.3 | 2.5- 3.5 | . . . | 0.002- 0.008 | |
| TP316 | S31600 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16.0–18 | 10.0–14 | 2.00–3 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP316L | S31603 | 0.035 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16.0–18 | 10.0–14 | 2.00–3 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP316H | S31609 | 0.04 – 0.1 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16.0–18 | 10.0–14 | 2.00–3 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP317 | S31700 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18.0–20 | 11.0–15 | 3.0–4 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP317L | S31703 | 0.035 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18.0–20 | 11.0–15 | 3.0–4 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP321 | S32100 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 17.0–19 | 9.0–12 | . . . | Ti 5 × (C+N) min, 0.70 max | . . . | 0.1 | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP321H | S32109 | 0.04 – 0.1 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 17.0–19 | 9.0–12 | . . . | 4(C+N) min; 0.70 max | . . . | 0.1 | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP321H | S32654 | 0.02 | 2.0-4 | 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.5 | 24.0–25 | 21.0–23 | 7.0-8 | . . . | . . . | 0.45- 0.55 | 0.30-0.6 | . . . | ||
| TP321H | S33228 | 0.04 – 0.08 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 26.0–28 | 31.0–33 | . . . | . . . | 0.60- 1 | . . . | . . . | 0.05 – 0.1 | 0.025 | |
| TP321H | S34565 | 0.03 | 5.0-7 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1 | 23.0–25 | 16.0–18 | 4.0-5 | . . . | 0.1 | 0.40- 0.6 | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP347 | S34700 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 17.0–19 | 9.0–13 | . . . | . . . | See Spec | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP347H | S34709 | 0.04 – 0.1 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 17.0–19 | 9.0–13 | . . . | . . . | See Spec | . . . | . . . | . . . | ||
| TP348 | S34800 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1 | 17.0–19 | 9.0–13 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | Co 0.20, Ta 0.10 | |
| TP348H | S34809 | 0.04-0.10 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1 | 17.0–19.0 | 9.0–13 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | Co 0.20, Ta 0.10 |
| TP444 | S44400 | 0.03 | 1.0 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1 | 17.5–19.5 | . . . | 1.75-2.50 | 0.035 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
Heat Treatment Requirements
| Grade | UNS Designation |
Heat Treat Type | Austenitizing/ Solutioning Temperature, min or range °F [°C] | Cooling Media | ASTM Grain Size No. B |
| TP304 | S30400 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP304L | S30403 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP304H | S30409 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | 7 |
| TP309S | S30908 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP309H | S30909 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | 7 |
| TP310S | S31008 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP310H | S31009 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | 7 |
| TP316 | S31600 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP316L | S31603 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP316H | S31609 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | 7 |
| TP317 | S31700 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP317L | S31703 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP321 | S32100 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP321H | S32109 | Solution treatment | cold worked:2000[1090] hot rolled: 1925 [1050]H | water or another rapid cool | 7 |
| TP347 | S34700 | Solution treatment | 1900 °F [1040 °C] | water or another rapid cool | . . . |
| TP347H | S34709 | Solution treatment | cold worked:2000[1100] hot rolled: 1925 [1050]H | water or another rapid cool | 7 |
| TP444 | S44400 | subcritical anneal | . . . | . . . | . . . |
Tensile Requirements
| Grade | UNS | Tensile Strength, Min ksi [MPa] | Yield strength, min ksi [MPa] | Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, %A, B | Hardness, Max | |
| Designation | Brinell/Vickers | Rockwell | ||||
| TP304 | S30400 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP304L | S30403 | 70 [485] | 25 [170] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP304H | S30409 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP304N | S30415 | 80 [550] | 35 [240] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP310S | S31008 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP310H | S31009 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP316 | S31600 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP316L | S31603 | 70 [485] | 25 [170] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP316H | S31609 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP316Ti | S31635 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP317 | S31700 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 34 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP317L | S31703 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP321 | S32100 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP321H | S32109 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP347 | S34700 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP347H | S34709 | 75 [515] | 30 [205] | 35 | 192HBW/200Hv | 90HB |
| TP444 | S44400 | 60 [415] | 40 [275] | 20 | 217 HBW/230HV | 96HB |
Flattening Test
One flattening test shall be made on specimens from each end of one finished tube, not the one used for the flaring test, from each lot.
Flaring Test
One flaring test shall be made on speci- mens from each end of one finished tube, not the one used for the flattening test, from each lot.
Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Testing
Each pipe shall be subjected to the nondestructive electric test or the hydrostatic test, the type of test to be used shall be at the option of the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order.
Markings
Markings will adhere to prescribed specifications in A999/A999M and shall include the NPS or OD and schedule number or average wall thickness, heat number, and NH (when hydrotesting is not performed) and ET (when eddy-current testing is performed) or UT (when ultrasonic testing is performed). The marking shall also include the manufacturer’s private identifying mark, the marking requirement of section 12.3 on Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric Test, if applicable, and whether seamless (SML), welded (WLD), or heavily cold-worked (HCW). For Grades TP304H, TP316H, TP321H & TP347H, the marking shall also include the heat number and heat-treatment lot identification.
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